delengo

See also: Appendix:Variations of "er"

English[edit]

Etymology[edit]

Mimetic (sound of hesitation)

Pronunciation[edit]

IPA^(key): /ɜː/
Audio (Southern England)
(file)
Rhymes: -ɜː
Used in non-rhotic dialects. Compare uh.

Interjection[edit]

er

Said when hesitating in speech.
- 2012, Linda Miller, Desire and Destiny:
  If he—er—disappears—well, it seems to me that we'd both benefit.
- 2019 December 10, Yacht Club Games, "Story" (Mona), in Shovel Knight Showdown (version 4.1), Nintendo Switch:
  Liquid Samurai: 'FORMLESS AND INFINITE ARE WE, THE LIQUID SAMURAI. I SERVE MY QUEEN, AS WE HAVE FOR COUNTLESS--' / Mona: 'HEY, I DON'T MEAN TO INTERRUPT, BUT YOU SEEM LIKE YOU'RE MADE OF POWERFUL STUFF. CAN I, ER, STUDY YOU?'

Verb[edit]

er (third-person singular simple present ers, present participle erring, simple past and past participle erred)

(informal) To utter the word "er" when hesitating in speech, found in the phrase um and er.
He ummed and erred his way through the presentation.

Anagrams[edit]

're, RE, Re, Ré, r.e., re, re-

Afrikaans[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

IPA^(key): /æːr/

Noun[edit]

er (plural erre or ers, diminutive erretjie)

The name of the Latin-script letter R.

Alemannic German[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Old High German er, from Proto-Germanic *iz. Cognate with German er.

Pronoun[edit]

er m

(personal) he; it

Declension[edit]

Alemannic German personal pronouns

		nominative	accusative	dative	possessive m
1st person singular		ich, i	mich, mi	mir, mer	min, miin
2nd person singular	familiar	du	dich, di	dir, dier	din, diin
2nd person singular	polite	Si		Ine, Ene, -ne	Ire
3rd person singular	m	er	in, en	im	sin, siin
	f	si		ire
	n	es, -s		im	sin, siin
1st person plural		mir, mer	üs, öis, ois, eus		üse, öise, oise, euse
2nd person plural		ir, ier	öi, eu		öie, eure
3rd person plural		si		ine, ene, -ne	ire

Breton[edit]

Contraction[edit]

er

Contraction of e ur (“in a(n)”).
Contraction of e ar (“in the”).

Cimbrian[edit]

Alternative forms[edit]

èar (Sette Comuni)

Etymology[edit]

From Middle High German ër, from Old High German er, from Proto-West Germanic *iʀ (“he, it”), from Proto-Germanic *iz (“he, she, it, they”). Cognate with German er.

Pronoun[edit]

er

(Luserna) he, it

Inflection[edit]

Personal pronouns
	singular	plural
1st person	i	biar
2nd person	du	iar
3rd person	er, si, 'z	se

References[edit]

“er” in Cimbrian, Ladin, Mòcheno: Getting to know 3 peoples. 2015. Servizio minoranze linguistiche locali della Provincia autonoma di Trento, Trento, Italy.

Cornish[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

IPA^(key): [eːɹ]

Etymology 1[edit]

From Proto-Celtic *eriros (“eagle”) (compare Breton erer, Welsh eryr, Old Irish *irar), from Proto-Indo-European *h₃érō (“large bird”).

er (an eagle)

Noun[edit]

er m (plural eryon or eres)

eagle

Etymology 2[edit]

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Noun[edit]

er m (plural erys)

heir

Etymology 3[edit]

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Noun[edit]

er

Soft mutation of ger.

Crimean Tatar[edit]

Adjective[edit]

er

every

Czech[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

IPA^(key): [ˈɛr]

Noun[edit]

er n

The name of the Latin-script letter R.

Danish[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Old Danish ær, Proto-Germanic *izum, *izud, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁es- (“to be”). The infinitive of the verb (være) is from a different PIE root; the present tense is suppletive.

Pronunciation[edit]

IPA^(key): /ɛr/, [ɛɐ̯], [ɛɒ̯̽], but often elided in spontaneous speech.

Verb[edit]

er

present of være

Dutch[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

IPA^(key): /ɛr/, /ər/, /dər/

Etymology 1[edit]

Weak form of der, the unstressed form of daar ("there")

Adverb[edit]

er

there (unspecific to distance)
(with a preposition) it; him, her, them.

Ik heb ermee gewerkt.
I have worked with it/them.

Je kunt er de bergen boven zien.
You can see the mountains above it/them.

Usage notes[edit]

Er is an unstressed variety of hier and daar, used when it is not needed to emphasize the specific location relative to the speaker.
With a preposition, er is used instead of hem, haar, het, ze to create a pronominal adverb. See also Category:Dutch pronominal adverbs.

Descendants[edit]

Petjo: d'r

Etymology 2[edit]

From Old Dutch iro, genitive of the personal pronoun (3rd person plural).

Adverb[edit]

er

(partitive pronoun) of them, of those (often not translated in English)

Mijn broer heeft drie kinderen en ik heb er twee.
My brother has three children and I have two. (literally: two of those)

Ik zie er geen meer.
I don't see any more (of them).

Synonyms[edit]

ervan

Derived terms[edit]

See Category:Dutch pronominal adverbs

Related terms[edit]

Anagrams[edit]

re

East Damar[edit]

Noun[edit]

er

water

References[edit]

Taber, M. (1993). Toward a better understanding of the indigenous languages of southwestern Maluku. Oceanic Linguistics. 32:2. pp. 389-441. Cited in: "East Damar" in Greenhill, S.J., Blust, R., & Gray, R.D. (2008). The Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database: From Bioinformatics to Lexomics. Evolutionary Bioinformatics, 4:271-283.

Faroese[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

IPA^(key): /eːɹ/

Verb[edit]

er

third-person singular indicative present of at vera
- Hann er skipari.
  He is a captain/skipper.
- Hon er úr Føroyum.
  She is from the Faroe Islands.
- Tað er í ordan.
  It's all right.

Conjugation[edit]

Conjugation of vera (irregular)
infinitive	vera
supine	verið
participle	verandi	-
	present	past
first singular	eri	var
second singular	ert	vart
third singular	er	var
plural	eru	vóru
	imperative
singular	ver!
plural	verið!

German[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Middle High German er, from Old High German er, from Proto-West Germanic *iʀ, from Proto-Germanic *iz. In northern Old High German there also existed forms with initial h-, namely hē, her, from Proto-Germanic *hiz, whence Central Franconian hä and (from the accusative) Luxembourgish hien. Compare English he. The unusual spelling ih- in the forms ihm, ihn is not related to this. It was introduced in early modern German to distinguish these forms from im, in (when *iem, *ien could have been read as *jem, *jen).

Pronunciation[edit]

(standard) IPA^(key): /eːr/, [ʔeːɐ̯], [ʔɛɐ̯]

pronunciation 1
(file)
pronunciation 2
(file)
Rhymes: -eːɐ̯
Homophone: Ehr

(colloquially in unstressed position) IPA^(key): /ɐ/

Pronoun[edit]

er

(personal) he.

(file)

Wo ist Klaus? Wo ist er? ― Where is Klaus? Where is he?

(file)

Dies ist mein Hund. Er heißt Waldi. ― This is my dog. His name is Waldi.
(personal) it (when the grammatical gender of the object/article/thing/animal etc., being referred to, is masculine (der)).

(file)

Dort steht ein Baum. Er ist über hundert Jahre alt. ― There stands a tree. It is more than 100 years old.
(personal, archaic) Alternative spelling of Er (you (polite))
- (Can we date this quote?), Clemens Brentano, Geschichte vom braven Kasperl und dem schönen Annerl (edited). In: 1835, F. W. Gubitz (editor), Jahrbuch des Nützlichen und Unterhaltenden für 1835, p. 171:
  Da fuhr die Alte überraſcht auf und ſprach: Lieber Herr, gehe er doch nach Haus und bete er fein und lege er ſich ſchlafen.
- 1837, Brothers Grimm, “Der junge Riese”, in Kinder- und Haus-Märchen, Band 2‎^[1], page 27:
  Da sprach er „Vater, ich sehe wohl, bei ihm werd ich nicht satt, will er mir einen Stab von Eisen verschaffen, der stark ist, und den ich vor meinen Knien nicht zerbrechen kann, so will ich wieder fort gehen.“ Da war der Bauer froh, und spannte seine zwei Pferde vor den Wagen, fuhr zum Schmied, und holte einen Stab so groß und dick, als ihn die zwei Pferde nur fahren konnten.
  (please add an English translation of this quote)

Declension[edit]

German personal pronouns

		nominative	accusative	genitive	dative	possessive
1st person singular		ich⁴	mich	meiner mein³	mir	mein
2nd person singular (familiar)¹		du (-e)	dich	deiner dein³	dir	dein
2nd person singular (polite)⁶	m verbs conjugated according to 3nd person sg. er	er	ihn	seiner sein³	ihm	sein
3rd person singular	m	er	ihn	seiner sein³	ihm	sein
	f	sie se⁵, -se⁵		ihrer	ihr
	n	es		seiner sein³	ihm	sein
1st person plural		wir⁴ (mir)	uns	unser	uns	unser
2nd person sg. or pl. (elevated²)	verbs conjugated according to 2nd person pl. ihr	Ihr	Euch	Euer	Euch	Euer
2nd person plural (familiar)¹		ihr	euch	euer	euch	euer
2nd person sg. or pl. (polite)⁷	verbs conjugated according to 3rd person pl. sie	Sie		Ihrer	Ihnen	Ihr
3rd person plural		sie		ihrer	ihnen	ihr

¹often capitalized, especially in letters ²archaic (ihrzen) ³dated ⁴capitalised in royal usage ⁵enclitic, colloquial⁶archaic (erzen), sometimes capitalised⁷(siezen)

In contemporary German, the genitive forms of personal pronouns are restricted to formal style and are infrequent even then. They may be used
- for the genitive object still found in a handful of verbs: Ich erbarmte mich seiner. – "I had mercy on him". (Colloquially one would either use the dative case, or a prepositional object, or replace the verb with another.)
- after the preposition statt ("instead of, in place of"): Ich kam statt seiner in die Mannschaft. – I joined the team in his place. (This sounds antiquated, for which reason an seiner Statt or an seiner Stelle is preferable.)
Older forms/spellings include:
- jm (dative; 16th century), jn (accusative; 16th century) – distinguished from im (“in the, into the”) and in (“in, into”)
- ihme (dative)

Derived terms[edit]

hatter (hat er; colloquial)

Hunsrik[edit]

Alternative forms[edit]

ëyer (Wiesemann spelling system)

Etymology[edit]

From Old High German er, from Proto-Germanic *iz. Displaced the northern Old High German forms with h-, e.g. hē, her (see he).

Pronunciation[edit]

IPA^(key): /ˈɛɐ/

Pronoun[edit]

er

he

Inflection[edit]

Hunsrik personal pronouns

	nominative		accusative		dative
	Proclitic	Enclitic	str.	unstr.	str.	unstr.
1st person singular	ich eich	-ich	mich meich		meer	mer m'r
2nd person singular (informal)	du dau/Dau	-du, -de -Dau, -De	dich deich/Deich		deer	der d'r/D'r
3rd person singular (m.)	er; där	-er	ihn	en	ihm	em
3rd person singular (f.)	sie; die	-se	sie / ihns	se	eer ehr	re
3rd person singular (n.)	es; das et, 't	's	es et	-et, -'t	ihm	em
1st person plural	meer	mer	uns uhs
2nd person plural	deer Ehr, Dehr	der	eich Auch
3rd person plural	sie; die	-se	sie	se	denne

Icelandic[edit]

Verb[edit]

er

first-person singular indicative present of vera

Ég er skemmtilegur.
I am fun (masculine)

Hver er ég?
Who am I?
third-person singular indicative present of vera

Veit einhver hvar pabbi minn er?
Does anybody know where my dad is?

Hver er hann?
Who is he?

Pronoun[edit]

er

(relative) which

Maður er sá, er Jón heitir.
There is a man who is named John.

Konan, er hann var að tala við.
The woman to whom he was talking.

Þetta er borgin, er hann kom frá.
This is the city from which he originated.

Bærinn, er hún ætlar til.
The town to which she's heading.
(archaic) in relations with a demonstrative pronoun (this, that, these) or personal pronoun (I, we, they), which represents the genitive of a relative pronoun.
Það er sú bók, er menn þekkja eigi höfund hennar.
There is a book whose author people don't know.

Conjunction[edit]

er

(with an "indexical"; ábendingarorð) of a place, of a time
- Judges 2:19
  En er dómarinn andaðist, breyttu þeir að nýju verr en feður þeirra, með því að elta aðra guði til þess að þjóna þeim og falla fram fyrir þeim. Þeir létu eigi af gjörðum sínum né þrjóskubreytni sinni.
  But when the judge died, the people returned to ways even more corrupt than those of their ancestors, following other gods and serving and worshiping them. They refused to give up their evil practices and stubborn ways.
Þar er ég kom.
There whence I came.

Þá er myndin var búin.
When the movie was finished.

Derived terms[edit]

þá er þegar

References[edit]

er in Geir T. Zoëga (1910) A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic, Oxford: Clarendon Press

Japanese[edit]

Alternative forms[edit]

ler(ラー) (-rā)

Etymology[edit]

From English -er, forming novel pseudo-Anglicisms.

Pronunciation[edit]

IPA^(key): [a̠ː]

Suffix[edit]

er(アー) • (-ā)

(slang) Suffix used for people, especially fans.

Derived terms[edit]

Japanese words suffixed with er

Japanese words suffixed with ler

Related terms[edit]

ist(イスト) (-isuto)

Kembra[edit]

Noun[edit]

er

water

Latin[edit]

Etymology 1[edit]

From Proto-Italic *hēr, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰḗr (“hedgehog”) (whence also Ancient Greek χήρ (khḗr, “hedgehog”)), a root noun from *ǵʰer- (“to be excited, be bristly”), whence also Ancient Greek χοῖρος (khoîros, “young pig”) and Albanian derr (“pig”) from *ǵʰór-yos.^[1]

Pronunciation[edit]

(Classical) IPA^(key): /eːr/, [eːr]
(Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /er/, [ɛr]

Noun[edit]

ēr m (genitive ēris); third declension

hedgehog

Usage notes[edit]

There is some uncertainty as to the exact forms of this word, especially regarding whether the lemma form of this was ēr or ēris, as the forms attested in literature could point to either option. Another form, irim (acc. sing.; found in Plautus, Capt. 184), seems to be a spelling variant.

Declension[edit]

Third-declension noun.

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	ēr	ērēs
Genitive	ēris	ērum
Dative	ērī	ēribus
Accusative	ērem	ērēs
Ablative	ēre	ēribus
Vocative	ēr	ērēs

Related terms[edit]

ēricius (“hedgehog; picket”)

Etymology 2[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

(Classical) IPA^(key): /er/, [ɛr]
(Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /er/, [ɛr]

Noun[edit]

er f (indeclinable)

The name of the letter R.

Usage notes[edit]

Multiple Latin names for the letter R, r have been suggested. The most common is er or a syllabic r, although there is some evidence which also supports, as names for the letter, rē, rrr, ər, rə, and even (in the fourth- or fifth-century first Antinoë papyrus, which gives Greek transliterations of the Latin names of the Roman alphabet’s letters) ιρρε (irrhe).

Coordinate terms[edit]

(Latin-script letter names) littera; ā, bē, cē, dē, ē, ef, gē, hā / *acca, ī, kā, el, em, en, ō, pē, kū, er, es, tē, ū, ix / īx / ex, ȳ / ī graeca / ȳpsīlon, zēta

References[edit]

ēr in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
ēr in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré Latin-Français, Hachette
Arthur E. Gordon, The Letter Names of the Latin Alphabet (University of California Press, 1973; volume 9 of University of California Publications: Classical Studies), especially pages 30–31, 42–44, and 63

^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “ēr”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 193

Latvian[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

IPA^(key): [ɛɾ]

(file)

Noun[edit]

er m (invariable)

The Latvian name of the Latin script letter R/r.

Low German[edit]

Pronoun[edit]

er

Alternative spelling of ehr

Mambae[edit]

Noun[edit]

er

water

References[edit]

Mambai Language Manual: Ainaro Dialect (2001)

Mandarin[edit]

Romanization[edit]

er

Nonstandard spelling of ér.
Nonstandard spelling of ěr.
Nonstandard spelling of èr.

Usage notes[edit]

English transcriptions of Mandarin speech often fail to distinguish between the critical tonal differences employed in the Mandarin language, using words such as this one without the appropriate indication of tone.

Manx[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Old Irish for.

Preposition[edit]

er

Inflection[edit]

	Singular				Plural
Person	1st	2nd	3rd m.	3rd f.	1st	2nd	3rd
Normal	orrym	ort	er	urree	orrin	erriu	orroo
Emphatic	orryms	orts	ersyn	urreeish	orrinyn	erriuish	orroosyn

Pronoun[edit]

er

third-person singular of er
on him/it

Derived terms[edit]

ersyn (emphatic)

Middle Dutch[edit]

Adverb[edit]

er

unstressed form of dāer

Middle English[edit]

Etymology 1[edit]

Determiner[edit]

er

Alternative form of hire (“her”, genitive)

Pronoun[edit]

er

Alternative form of hire (“hers”)

Etymology 2[edit]

Pronoun[edit]

er

Alternative form of hire (“her”, object)

Etymology 3[edit]

Noun[edit]

er

Alternative form of eere (“ear of grain”)

Etymology 4[edit]

Determiner[edit]

er

Alternative form of here (“their”)

Etymology 5[edit]

From Old English ǣr, from Proto-West Germanic *airi.

Pronunciation[edit]

IPA^(key): /ɛːr/

Adverb[edit]

er

Derived terms[edit]

erly

Descendants[edit]

English: ere
Scots: er
Yola: ear

References[edit]

“ēr, adv.”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.

Mòcheno[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Middle High German ër, from Old High German er, from Proto-West Germanic *iʀ (“he, it”), from Proto-Germanic *iz (“he, she, it, they”). Cognate with German er.

Pronoun[edit]

er

he, it

Inflection[edit]

Personal pronouns
	singular	plural
1st person	i	biar
2nd person	du	ir
3rd person	er, si, s	sei

References[edit]

“er” in Cimbrian, Ladin, Mòcheno: Getting to know 3 peoples. 2015. Servizio minoranze linguistiche locali della Provincia autonoma di Trento, Trento, Italy.

Norwegian Bokmål[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

IPA^(key): /æːɾ/, /æɾ/

Verb[edit]

er

present of være (=to be)

Norwegian Nynorsk[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

IPA^(key): /æː(r)/, /eː(r)/ (example of pronunciation)

Verb[edit]

er

present tense of vera and vere
is, are, am (present of to be)

Boka er skriven. ― The book is written

Bøkene er skrivne. ― The books are written.

Eg er framand. ― I am a stranger.

References[edit]

“vera” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.
“er på engelsk”, in DinOrdbok, Nynorsk-engelsk oversettelse‎^[3], accessed 2018-10-15

Old Dutch[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Proto-West Germanic *airi, from Proto-Germanic *airiz.

Preposition[edit]

ēr

before, earlier than

Descendants[edit]

Middle Dutch: êer
- Dutch: eer
- Limburgish: ieër

Conjunction[edit]

ēr

ere, afore

Descendants[edit]

Middle Dutch: êer
- Dutch: eer
- Limburgish: ieër

Adverb[edit]

ēr

previously, in an earlier period, in a bygone time
earlier, before a certain time or period

Descendants[edit]

Middle Dutch: êer

Old Frisian[edit]

Etymology 1[edit]

From Proto-West Germanic *airi, from Proto-Germanic *airiz. Cognates include Old English ǣr, Old Saxon ēr and Old Dutch ēr.

Pronunciation[edit]

IPA^(key): /ˈeːr/, [ˈɛːr]

Adverb[edit]

ēr

earlier, previously

Preposition[edit]

ēr (+ dative)

(of time) before

Descendants[edit]

Saterland Frisian: eer
West Frisian: ear't

Etymology 2[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

IPA^(key): /ˈeːr/, [ˈɛːr]

Noun[edit]

ēr f

Alternative form of ēre

References[edit]

Bremmer, Rolf H. (2009) An Introduction to Old Frisian: History, Grammar, Reader, Glossary, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, →ISBN

Old High German[edit]

Etymology 1[edit]

From Proto-West Germanic *airi, from Proto-Germanic *airiz, whence also Old English ær.

Pronunciation[edit]

IPA^(key): /eːr/

Adjective[edit]

ēr

early

Adverb[edit]

ēr

ere, before
formerly

Conjunction[edit]

ēr

before, until

Preposition[edit]

ēr (+ dative)

before

Etymology 2[edit]

From Proto-Germanic *aiz, akin to Old English ār, Old Norse eir.

Pronunciation[edit]

IPA^(key): /eːr/

Noun[edit]

ēr n

ore
brass

Descendants[edit]

Middle High German: er
- Alemannic German: Eer
  - ⇒ Alemannic German: eerig
⇒ Old High German: ērīn
- Middle High German: ērīn
  - German: ehern

Etymology 3[edit]

From Proto-Germanic *iz (“he”), akin to Gothic 𐌹𐍃 (is, “he”), Latin is (“he”).

Alternative forms[edit]

her (northern)

Pronunciation[edit]

IPA^(key): /er/

Pronoun[edit]

er

he

Inflection[edit]

Old High German personal pronouns
Number	Person	Gender	Nominative	Genitive	Dative	Accusative
Singular	First		ih (ihha, ihcha)	mīn	mir	mih
	Second		dū	dīn	dir	dih
	Third	Masculine	er (her)	(sīn)	imu, imo	inan, in
		Feminine	siu; sī, si	ira (iru, iro)	iru, iro	sia
		Neuter	iz	es, is	imu, imo	iz
Plural	First		wir	unsēr	uns	unsih
	Second		ir	iuwēr	iu	iuwih
	Third	Masculine	sie	iro	im, in	sie
		Feminine	sio	iro	im, in	sio
		Neuter	siu	iro	im, in	siu
Polite form	Second		ir	iuwēr	iu	iuwih

Descendants[edit]

Middle High German: ër
- Alemannic German:
  
  Low Alemannic:
  
  Alsatian: ar, er, ër
  
  Badisch: er
  
  High Alemannic: er, är
  
  Bernese: är
  
  Lucerne: aer
  
  Northeastern: ar
  
  Walser: är
- Swabian: er, ear
  Swabian Jura: ear
- Bavarian: er
  - Cimbrian: èar, er, ar
  - Mòcheno: er
- Central Franconian:
  Moselle Franconian: er
  - Hunsrik: er, ëyer
- East Central German:
  
  High Prussian: er
  
  Silesian German:
  
  Lower Silesian German: a
  
  Upper Silesian German: a
  
  North Moravian: ar
  
  Thuringian: er
  
  Central Thuringian: er
  
  West Thuringian: aa
  
  Upper Saxon: är
  
  Meißnisch: är
  
  Osterländisch: är
  
  Erzgebirgisch: aorr
  
  Lusatian: ar
  
  South Marchian:
  Berlinerisch: er/ea
- German: er
- East Franconian: er, ea
  
  Unterfränkisch: ar
  
  Hohenlohisch: er
- Rhine Franconian:
  
  Upper Hessian: er
  
  Lorraine Franconian: ér, éa
  
  Palatine German: er
  
  Pennsylvania German: er
- Yiddish: ער‎ (er)

References[edit]

Joseph Wright, An Old High German Primer

Old Norse[edit]

Alternative forms[edit]

es, -s

Etymology 1[edit]

From earlier es, from Proto-Germanic *iz (“he; 3rd person personal pronoun”). Cognate with Gothic 𐌹𐍃 (is), Old High German ēr (German er).

Pronoun[edit]

er

who, which, that
- verse 76 of the Hávamál (1996 translation by Carolyne Larrington)
  en orðstírr / deyr aldregi / hveim er sér góðan getr
  but the glory of reputation never dies, / for the man who can get himself a good one

Conjunction[edit]

er

where
when
En er hann dó, grét ǫll verǫldin
and when he died, the whole world cried.

Descendants[edit]

Faroese: er
Icelandic: er
Westrobothnian: -es

Etymology 2[edit]

From earlier es, from Proto-Norse ᛁᛊᛏ (ist), from Proto-Germanic *isti, first/third-person singular indicative present of *wesaną. The final -s was replaced by -r due to analogy to the plural forms of the verb.

Verb[edit]

er

third-person singular indicative present of vera

Descendants[edit]

Icelandic: er
Faroese: er
Norwegian:
- Norwegian Bokmål: er
- Norwegian Nynorsk: er
Westrobothnian: jer, jär
Old Swedish: ær
- Swedish: är
Danish: er

References[edit]

er in Geir T. Zoëga (1910) A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic, Oxford: Clarendon Press

Old Saxon[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

IPA^(key): /ɛːr/

Etymology 1[edit]

From Proto-West Germanic *airi, whence also Old English ær.

Adjective[edit]

ēr

early

Declension[edit]

Positive forms of ēr

Strong declension
gender	masculine		feminine		neuter
case	singular	plural	singular	plural	singular	plural
nominative	ēr	ēre, ēra	ēr	ēra	ēr	ēr, ēra
accusative	ēran, ēren	ēra, ēre	ēra	ēra	ēr	ēr, ēra
genitive	ēres, ēras	ēraro, ēroro, ērero	ērara, ēraro	ēraro, ēroro, ērero	ēres, ēras	ēraro, ēroro, ērero
dative	ērumu, ērum, ērun, ērun, ēron, ēren, ēran	ērun, ēron, ērum	ēraro, ēraru, ērara	ērun, ēron	ērumu, ērum, ērun, ērun, ēron, ēren, ēran	ērun, ēron, ērum
Weak declension
gender	masculine		feminine		neuter
case	singular	plural	singular	plural	singular	plural
nominative	ēro, ēra	ēron, ērun	ēra, ēre	ēron, ērun, ēran	ēra, ēre	ēron, ērun
accusative	ēron, ēran	ēron, ērun	ērun, ēron, ēran	ēron, ērun, ēran	ēra, ēre	ēron, ērun
genitive	ēren, ēran	ērono, ēreno	ērun, ēran, ēren	ērono	ēren, ēran	ērono, ēreno
dative	ēron, ēren, ēran	ēron, ērun	ērun, ēran	ēron, ērun	ēron, ēren, ēran	ēron, ērun

Adverb[edit]

ēr

before, ere
formerly

Conjunction[edit]

ēr

before

Preposition[edit]

ēr (+ dative)

before

Etymology 2[edit]

From Proto-Germanic *aiz, whence also Old English ār.

Noun[edit]

ēr ?

copper, bronze
ore

Descendants[edit]

Middle Low German: ēr

Etymology 3[edit]

From Proto-Germanic *airuz. Cognate with Old English ār, Old Norse árr, Gothic 𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌿𐍃 (airus).

Noun[edit]

ēr m

messenger, herald

Pennsylvania German[edit]

Etymology[edit]

Compare German er.

Pronunciation[edit]

IPA^(key): /ɛɐ̯/

Pronoun[edit]

er

he

Declension[edit]

Declension of er

	Nominative	Accusative	Dative
1st - Singular	ich	mich	mir mer (unstressed)
2nd - Singular	du de (unstressed)	dich	dir der (unstressed)
3rd - Singular Masculine	er	ihn en (unstressed)	ihm em (unstressed)
3rd - Singular Feminine	sie se (unstressed)	sie se (unstressed)	ihre re (unstressed)
3rd - Singular Neuter	es	es	ihm em (unstressed)
1st - Plural	mir mer (unstressed)	uns	uns
2nd - Plural	dihr der (unstressed)	eich	eich
3rd - Plural	sie	sie	ihne ne (unstressed)
2nd - Polite	Sie	Sie	Ihne Ne (unstressed)

Polish[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

IPA^(key): /ɛr/
Audio
(file)

Noun[edit]

er f

genitive plural of era

Saterland Frisian[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Old Frisian -er, from Proto-West Germanic *iʀ. Cognates include West Frisian er and German er.

Pronunciation[edit]

IPA^(key): /ər/

Pronoun[edit]

er

unstressed form of hie (“he”)

References[edit]

Marron C. Fort (2015), “er”, in Saterfriesisches Wörterbuch mit einer phonologischen und grammatischen Übersicht, Buske, →ISBN

Scots[edit]

Verb[edit]

er

(South Scots) Second-person simple present form of ti be
(South Scots) Plural simple present form of ti be
(South Scots) First-person singular simple present form of an obscure form of ti be
A'm er so!

Usage notes[edit]

Used emphatically. See ir.

Swedish[edit]

Etymology[edit]

Contraction of earlier eder, from Old Norse yðr, from Proto-Germanic *izwiz, dative/accusative of *jūz, from Proto-Indo-European *yū́.

Pronunciation[edit]

IPA^(key): /eːr/

Pronoun[edit]

er c (neuter possessive only ert, plural era)

you (plural, object)
Synonym: (formal, archaic) eder
(possessive) your, yours; (speaking to more than one person, about one object)
Synonyms: (informal) eran, (formal, archaic) eder
(reflexive) reflexive of ni; compare yourselves
Skulle ni vilja lära er jonglera?
Would you guys like to learn how to juggle?

Usage notes[edit]

See ni for a note on its use as a courteous 2nd person singular.
Even though er (2) and its archaic form eder is the possessive pronoun, it does have a genitive form ers and eders, which is only used in expressions like ers majestät (your majesty) and ers höghet (your highness).

Declension[edit]

Swedish personal pronouns

Number	Person	Type	Nominative	Oblique	Possessive
Number	Person	Type	Nominative	Oblique	common	neuter	plural
singular	first	—	jag	mig, mej³	min	mitt	mina
	second	—	du	dig, dej³	din	ditt	dina
	third	masculine (person)	han	honom, han², en⁵	hans
		feminine (person)	hon	henne, na⁵	hennes
		gender-neutral (person)¹	hen	henom, hen²	hens
		common (noun)	den	den	dess
		neuter (noun)	det	det	dess
		indefinite	man or en⁴	en	ens
		reflexive	—	sig, sej³	sin	sitt	sina
plural	first	—	vi	oss	vår, våran²	vårt, vårat²	våra
	second	—	ni	er	er, eran², ers⁶	ert, erat²	era
	second	archaic	I	eder	eder, eders⁶	edert	edra
	third	—	de, dom³	dem, dom³	deras
	third	reflexive	—	sig, sej³	sin	sitt	sina

¹Not universally accepted neologism.

²Informal

³Colloquial pronunciation spelling.

⁴Dialectal, also used lately as a gender-neutral alternative to man.

⁵Informal, somewhat dialectal

⁶Formal address

Anagrams[edit]

-re, re-

Turkish[edit]

Etymology 1[edit]

From Ottoman Turkish ایر‎, ار‎, from Proto-Turkic *ẹ̄r (“early”). Related to Old Turkic [script needed] (er).

Adjective[edit]

er

(regionalism) early

Etymology 2[edit]

From Ottoman Turkish ار‎, from Proto-Turkic *ēr (“man”). Related to noun-forming suffix -er and Old Turkic 𐰼‎ (er).

Noun[edit]

er (definite accusative eri, plural erler)

brave
man, male
noble
conscript, private (soldier of the lowest rank of the army)
tribesman
warrior

Declension[edit]

Inflection

Nominative

er

Definite accusative

eri

Singular

Plural

Nominative

er

Definite accusative

Dative

Locative

Ablative

Genitive

Possessive forms
Nominative
	Singular	Plural
1st singular	erim	erlerim
2nd singular	erin	erlerin
3rd singular	eri	erleri
1st plural	erimiz	erlerimiz
2nd plural	eriniz	erleriniz
3rd plural	erleri	erleri
Definite accusative
	Singular	Plural
1st singular	erimi	erlerimi
2nd singular	erini	erlerini
3rd singular	erini	erlerini
1st plural	erimizi	erlerimizi
2nd plural	erinizi	erlerinizi
3rd plural	erlerini	erlerini
Dative
	Singular	Plural
1st singular	erime	erlerime
2nd singular	erine	erlerine
3rd singular	erine	erlerine
1st plural	erimize	erlerimize
2nd plural	erinize	erlerinize
3rd plural	erlerine	erlerine
Locative
	Singular	Plural
1st singular	erimde	erlerimde
2nd singular	erinde	erlerinde
3rd singular	erinde	erlerinde
1st plural	erimizde	erlerimizde
2nd plural	erinizde	erlerinizde
3rd plural	erlerinde	erlerinde
Ablative
	Singular	Plural
1st singular	erimden	erlerimden
2nd singular	erinden	erlerinden
3rd singular	erinden	erlerinden
1st plural	erimizden	erlerimizden
2nd plural	erinizden	erlerinizden
3rd plural	erlerinden	erlerinden
Genitive
	Singular	Plural
1st singular	erimin	erlerimin
2nd singular	erinin	erlerinin
3rd singular	erinin	erlerinin
1st plural	erimizin	erlerimizin
2nd plural	erinizin	erlerinizin
3rd plural	erlerinin	erlerinin

Predicative forms
	Singular	Plural
1st singular	erim	erlerim
2nd singular	ersin	erlersin
3rd singular	er erdir	erler erlerdir
1st plural	eriz	erleriz
2nd plural	ersiniz	erlersiniz
3rd plural	erler	erlerdir

Etymology 3[edit]

Verb[edit]

er

second-person singular imperative of ermek

Welsh[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

IPA^(key): /ɛr/

Etymology 1[edit]

Conjunction[edit]

er

although
- 2018 September 28, “Cymraeg y Wladfa a Chymraeg Cymru - beth yw'r gwahaniaethau?”, in BBC Cymru Fyw:
  Nid y Sbaeneg (er y byddai hynny'n syniad da hefyd) ond Cymraeg arbennig y Wladfa.
  Not Spanish (although that would also be a good idea) but the particular Welsh of Y Wladfa.
- 2019 June 13, Llinos Lee, “Y Barri: Mwy na dim ond 'Gavin & Stacey'”, in BBC Cymru Fyw:
  Ges i fy magu yn Y Barri, ac er mod i wedi symud i ffwrdd i'r brifysgol, …
  I was brought up in Barry, and although I moved away for university, …

Derived terms[edit]

er mwyn (“for the sake of; in order to”)
er gwaethaf (“despite”)
ers (“since”)

Etymology 2[edit]

Noun[edit]

er f (plural eriau)

The name of the Latin-script letter R.

Mutation[edit]

Welsh mutation
radical	soft	nasal	h-prothesis
er	unchanged	unchanged	her
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

West Frisian[edit]

Pronoun[edit]

er

clitic form of hy used before the object or after the verb.

[1] De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “ēr”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 193

[1]

	Singular	Plural
Nominativ	der Er	die Er, Ers
Genitiv	des Er	der Er, Ers
Dativ	dem Er	den Er, Ers
Akkusativ	den Er	die Er, Ers

hu-type pronouns
	singular	plural inclusive	plural exclusive
1st person	hu	ta	in
2nd person	un	en
3rd person	ha	ma
yoʼ-type pronouns
	singular	plural inclusive	plural exclusive
1st person	yoʼ	hit	ham
2nd person	hao	hamyo
3rd person	gueʼ	siha
emphatic pronouns
	singular	plural inclusive	plural exclusive
1st person	guahu	hita	hami
2nd person	hagu	hamyo
3rd person	guiya	siha

preposition	in
postpositional adv.	in
+ het (it)	erin
+ dit (this)	hierin
+ dat (that)	daarin
+ wat (what)	waarin
+ iets (something)	ergens in
+ niets (nothing)	nergens in
+ alles (everything)	overal in

in + article	Combined form
in + il	nel
in + lo	nello
in + l'	nell'
in + i	nei
in + gli	negli
in + la	nella
in + le	nelle

in + article	Combined form
in + o	ne-o
in + a	ne-a
in + i	ne-i
in + e	ne-e

8630 results for

der er

in

die sie

das ich

	singular					plural
	1st	2nd	3rd m	3rd f	3rd n	1st	2nd	3rd
stressed	iek	du	hie	ju	dät	wie	jie	jo
unstressed	iek	du	er	ze	et	wie	jie	ze
objective	mie	die	him	hier	dät	uus	jou	hier

		nominative	accusative	dative
1st person singular		ich	mich	miar
2nd person singular	familiar	du	dich	diar
2nd person singular	polite	iart	ach	òich
3rd person singular	m	èar, ar	in, en	iime
	f	zi, ze		iar
	n	es, is	es, 's	iime
1st person plural		bar, bandare	zich	izandarn
2nd person plural		iart, artandare, iart-andare	òich, ach	ogandarn
3rd person plural		ze, zòi, zandare	zich	innandarn

number & gender		singular			plural
number & gender		masculine	feminine	neuter	all genders
predicative		er ist in	sie ist in	es ist in	sie sind in
strong declension (without article)	nominative	—	—	—	—
	genitive	—	—	—	—
	dative	—	—	—	—
	accusative	—	—	—	—
weak declension (with definite article)	nominative	—	—	—	—
	genitive	—	—	—	—
	dative	—	—	—	—
	accusative	—	—	—	—
mixed declension (with indefinite article)	nominative	—	—	—	—
	genitive	—	—	—	—
	dative	—	—	—	—
	accusative	—	—	—	—

	singular		plural
	indefinite articulation	definite articulation	indefinite articulation	definite articulation
nominative/accusative	(un) in	inul	(niște) inuri	inurile
genitive/dative	(unui) in	inului	(unor) inuri	inurilor
vocative	inule		inurilor

singular		masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative		in	ina	ino
genitive		ina	ine	ina
dative		inu	inoj	inu
accusative	inanimate animate	in ina	inu	ino
vocative		in	ina	ino
locative		inu	inoj	inu
instrumental		inim	inom	inim
plural		masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative		ini	ine	ina
genitive		inih	inih	inih
dative		inim(a)	inim(a)	inim(a)
accusative		ine	ine	ina
vocative		ini	ine	ina
locative		inim(a)	inim(a)	inim(a)
instrumental		inim(a)	inim(a)	inim(a)

singular		masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative		ini	ina	ino
genitive		inog(a)	ine	inog(a)
dative		inom(u/e)	inoj	inom(u/e)
accusative	inanimate animate	ini inog(a)	inu	ino
vocative		ini	ina	ino
locative		inom(e/u)	inoj	inom(e/u)
instrumental		inim	inom	inim
plural		masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative		ini	ine	ina
genitive		inih	inih	inih
dative		inim(a)	inim(a)	inim(a)
accusative		ine	ine	ina
vocative		ini	ine	ina
locative		inim(a)	inim(a)	inim(a)
instrumental		inim(a)	inim(a)	inim(a)

	singular	plural or honorific
1st person	mi / n	a
2nd person	o	ẹ
3rd person	[pronoun dropped]	wọn

	singular	plural or honorific
1st person	mi	wa
2nd person	ọ / ẹ	yín
3rd person	[preceding vowel repeated for monosyllabic verbs] / ẹ̀	wọn

	singular	plural or honorific
1st person	èmi	àwa
2nd person	ìwọ	ẹ̀yin
3rd person	òun	àwọn

	Singular	Plural
Nominativ	die Sie	die Sie, Sies
Genitiv	der Sie	der Sie, Sies
Dativ	der Sie	den Sie, Sies
Akkusativ	die Sie	die Sie, Sies

Personal pronouns
Singular	1.	2.	3. m	3. f	3. n
Nominative	ik	thū	hē	siu	it
Accusative	mī, me, mik	thī, thik	ina	sia	it
Dative	mī	thī	imu	iru	it
Genitive	mīn	thīn	is	ira	is

Dual	1.	2.	-	-	-
Nominative	wit	git	-	-	-
Accusative	unk	ink	-	-	-
Dative	unk	ink	-	-	-
Genitive	unkero		-	-	-

Plural	1.	2.	3. m	3. f	3. n
Nominative	wī, we	gī, ge	sia	sia	siu
Accusative	ūs, unsik	eu, iu, iuu	sia	sia	siu
Dative	ūs	eu, iu, iuu	im
Genitive	ūser	euwar, iuwer, iuwar, iuwero, iuwera	iro

	Singular	Plural
Nominativ	das Ich	die Ich, Ichs
Genitiv	des Ich, Ichs	der Ich, Ichs
Dativ	dem Ich	den Ich, Ichs
Akkusativ	das Ich	die Ich, Ichs

		nominative	accusative	dative	possessive m
1st person singular		ich, i	mich, mi	mir, mer	min, miin
2nd person singular	familiar	du	dich, di	dir, dier	din, diin
2nd person singular	polite	Si		Ine, Ene, -ne	Ire
3rd person singular	m	er	in, en	im	sin, siin
	f	si		ire
	n	es, -s		im	sin, siin
1st person plural		mir, mer	üs, öis, ois, eus		üse, öise, oise, euse
2nd person plural		ir, ier	öi, eu		öie, eure
3rd person plural		si		ine, ene, -ne	ire